03 — OPERATION
Third-Country Operations
Third-country operations are operations conducted outside both Israel and the target's home country. The A–Z records them as a legal-diplomatic category that creates layered sovereignty, passport and jurisdiction issues — illustrated by cases in Dubai, Malta and elsewhere.
Evidence Assessment
The diplomatic and legal consequences of the major cases.
Operational specifics vary and are labeled per case.
Key Facts
- Category:
- Legal-diplomatic
- Examples:
- Dubai (2010); Malta (1995); Lillehammer (1973)
- Issues:
- Sovereignty, passports, jurisdiction
- Evidence:
- General reference; case-specific evidence varies
The framework
Operations in third countries create complex legal exposure: the target state's sovereignty, the transit country's jurisdiction and the passports used all become potential flashpoints.
Documented cases
The 1973 Lillehammer affair, the 1995 Malta killing of Fathi Shiqaqi and the 2010 Dubai affair all illustrate the pattern. Each carries different evidence status, recorded case by case in the encyclopedia.